Introduction.- The history and development of ureteroscopy.- Anatomy , pathophysiology , and anomalies of the ureter.- Instrumentation.- Rigid ureteroscopy.- Flexible instrumentation of the upper urinary tract.- Balloons , dilators , and irrigating systems.- Baskets , biopsy devices , and retrieval.- Lithotrites.- clinical aplications.- Ureteroscopy for stone disease.- Noncalculous indications for ureteroscopy: bening and malignan lesions of the upper.- Ureteroscopic complications and their management.- Ureteroscopy : technical improvements.- Tecniques for endoscopic phatography.